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fix folder structure from gitbook import
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ainsley
71
developing-with-nats/sending/README.md
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71
developing-with-nats/sending/README.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
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# Sending Messages
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NATS sends and receives messages using a protocol that includes a target subject, an optional reply subject and an array of bytes. Some libraries may provide helpers to convert other data formats to and from bytes, but the NATS server will treat all messages as opaque byte arrays.
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All of the NATS clients are designed to make sending a message simple. For example, to send the string “All is Well” to the “updates” subject as a UTF-8 string of bytes you would do:
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{% tabs %}
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{% tab title="Go" %}
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```go
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nc, err := nats.Connect("demo.nats.io", nats.Name("API PublishBytes Example"))
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if err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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defer nc.Close()
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if err := nc.Publish("updates", []byte("All is Well")); err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="Java" %}
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```java
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Connection nc = Nats.connect("nats://demo.nats.io:4222");
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nc.publish("updates", "All is Well".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
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// Make sure the message goes through before we close
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nc.flush(Duration.ZERO);
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nc.close();
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="JavaScript" %}
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```javascript
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let nc = NATS.connect({url: "nats://demo.nats.io:4222"});
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nc.publish('updates', "All is Well");
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="Python" %}
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```python
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nc = NATS()
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await nc.connect(servers=["nats://demo.nats.io:4222"])
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await nc.publish("updates", b'All is Well')
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="Ruby" %}
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```ruby
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require 'nats/client'
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NATS.start(servers:["nats://127.0.0.1:4222"]) do |nc|
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nc.publish("updates", "All is Well")
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end
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="TypeScript" %}
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```typescript
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let nc = await connect({
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url: "nats://demo.nats.io:4222",
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payload: Payload.STRING
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});
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nc.publish('updates', 'All is Well');
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% endtabs %}
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117
developing-with-nats/sending/caches.md
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117
developing-with-nats/sending/caches.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
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# Caches, Flush and Ping
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For performance reasons, most if not all, of the client libraries will cache outgoing data so that bigger chunks can be written to the network at one time. This may be as simple as a byte buffer that stores up a few messages before being pushed to the network.
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These buffers do not hold messages forever, generally they are designed to hold messages in high throughput scenarios, while still providing good latency in low throughput situations.
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It is the libraries job to make sure messages flow in a high performance manner. But there may be times when an application needs to know that a message has "hit the wire." In this case, applications can use a flush call to tell the library to move data through the system.
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{% tabs %}
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{% tab title="Go" %}
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```go
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nc, err := nats.Connect("demo.nats.io")
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if err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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defer nc.Close()
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// Just to not collide using the demo server with other users.
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subject := nats.NewInbox()
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if err := nc.Publish(subject, []byte("All is Well")); err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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// Sends a PING and wait for a PONG from the server, up to the given timeout.
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// This gives guarantee that the server has processed the above message.
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if err := nc.FlushTimeout(time.Second); err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="Java" %}
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```java
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Connection nc = Nats.connect("nats://demo.nats.io:4222");
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nc.publish("updates", "All is Well".getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
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nc.flush(Duration.ofSeconds(1)); // Flush the message queue
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nc.close();
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="JavaScript" %}
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```javascript
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let nc = NATS.connect({url: "nats://demo.nats.io:4222"});
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let start = Date.now();
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nc.flush(() => {
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t.log('round trip completed in', Date.now() - start, 'ms');
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});
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nc.publish('foo');
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// function in flush is optional
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nc.flush();
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="Python" %}
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```python
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nc = NATS()
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await nc.connect(servers=["nats://demo.nats.io:4222"])
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await nc.publish("updates", b'All is Well')
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# Sends a PING and wait for a PONG from the server, up to the given timeout.
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# This gives guarantee that the server has processed above message.
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await nc.flush(timeout=1)
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="Ruby" %}
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```ruby
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require 'nats/client'
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require 'fiber'
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NATS.start(servers:["nats://127.0.0.1:4222"]) do |nc|
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nc.subscribe("updates") do |msg|
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puts msg
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end
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nc.publish("updates", "All is Well")
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nc.flush do
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# Sends a PING and wait for a PONG from the server, up to the given timeout.
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# This gives guarantee that the server has processed above message at this point.
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end
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end
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="TypeScript" %}
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```typescript
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let nc = await connect({
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url: "nats://demo.nats.io:4222"
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});
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// you can use flush to trigger a function in your
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// application once the round-trip to the server finishes
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let start = Date.now();
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nc.flush(() => {
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t.log('round trip completed in', Date.now() - start, 'ms');
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});
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nc.publish('foo');
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// another way, simply wait for the promise to resolve
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await nc.flush();
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nc.close();
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% endtabs %}
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## Flush and Ping/Pong
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Many of the client libraries use the PING/PONG interaction built into the NATS protocol to insure that flush pushed all of the cached messages to the server. When an application calls flush most libraries will put a PING on the outgoing queue of messages, and wait for the server to send PONG before saying that the flush was successful.
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159
developing-with-nats/sending/replyto.md
Normal file
159
developing-with-nats/sending/replyto.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
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# Including a Reply Subject
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The optional reply-to field when publishing a message can be used on the receiving side to respond. The reply-to subject is often called an _inbox_, and most libraries may provide a method for generating unique inbox subjects. Most libraries also provide for the request-reply pattern with a single call. For example to send a request to the subject `time`, with no content for the messages, you might:
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{% tabs %}
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{% tab title="Go" %}
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```go
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nc, err := nats.Connect("demo.nats.io")
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if err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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defer nc.Close()
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// Create a unique subject name for replies.
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uniqueReplyTo := nats.NewInbox()
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// Listen for a single response
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sub, err := nc.SubscribeSync(uniqueReplyTo)
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if err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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// Send the request.
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// If processing is synchronous, use Request() which returns the response message.
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if err := nc.PublishRequest("time", uniqueReplyTo, nil); err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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// Read the reply
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msg, err := sub.NextMsg(time.Second)
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if err != nil {
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log.Fatal(err)
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}
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// Use the response
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log.Printf("Reply: %s", msg.Data)
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="Java" %}
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```java
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Connection nc = Nats.connect("nats://demo.nats.io:4222");
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// Create a unique subject name
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String uniqueReplyTo = NUID.nextGlobal();
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// Listen for a single response
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Subscription sub = nc.subscribe(uniqueReplyTo);
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sub.unsubscribe(1);
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// Send the request
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nc.publish("time", uniqueReplyTo, null);
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// Read the reply
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Message msg = sub.nextMessage(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
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// Use the response
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System.out.println(new String(msg.getData(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
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// Close the connection
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nc.close();
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="JavaScript" %}
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```javascript
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let nc = NATS.connect({url: "nats://demo.nats.io:4222"});
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// set up a subscription to process the request
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nc.subscribe('time', (msg, reply) => {
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if(reply) {
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nc.publish(reply, new Date().toLocaleTimeString());
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}
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});
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// create a subscription subject that the responding send replies to
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let inbox = NATS.createInbox();
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nc.subscribe(inbox, {max: 1}, (msg) => {
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t.log('the time is', msg);
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nc.close();
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});
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nc.publish('time', "", inbox);
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="Python" %}
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```python
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nc = NATS()
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future = asyncio.Future()
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async def sub(msg):
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nonlocal future
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future.set_result(msg)
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await nc.connect(servers=["nats://demo.nats.io:4222"])
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await nc.subscribe("time", cb=sub)
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unique_reply_to = new_inbox()
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await nc.publish_request("time", unique_reply_to, b'')
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# Use the response
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msg = await asyncio.wait_for(future, 1)
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print("Reply:", msg)
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```
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{% endtab %}
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{% tab title="Ruby" %}
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```ruby
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require 'nats/client'
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require 'fiber'
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|
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NATS.start(servers:["nats://127.0.0.1:4222"]) do |nc|
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Fiber.new do
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f = Fiber.current
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|
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nc.subscribe("time") do |msg, reply|
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f.resume msg
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end
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nc.publish("time", 'example', NATS.create_inbox)
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# Use the response
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msg = Fiber.yield
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puts "Reply: #{msg}"
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|
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end.resume
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end
|
||||
```
|
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{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="TypeScript" %}
|
||||
```typescript
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||||
// set up a subscription to process the request
|
||||
await nc.subscribe('time', (err, msg) => {
|
||||
if (err) {
|
||||
// this example is running inside of a promise
|
||||
reject();
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||||
return;
|
||||
}
|
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if (msg.reply) {
|
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nc.publish(msg.reply, new Date().toLocaleTimeString());
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
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||||
|
||||
// create a subscription subject that the responding send replies to
|
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let inbox = createInbox();
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await nc.subscribe(inbox, (err, msg) => {
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t.log('the time is', msg.data);
|
||||
// this example is running inside of a promise
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nc.close();
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||||
resolve();
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||||
}, {max: 1});
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||||
|
||||
nc.publish('time', "", inbox);
|
||||
```
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||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
{% endtabs %}
|
||||
|
||||
197
developing-with-nats/sending/request_reply.md
Normal file
197
developing-with-nats/sending/request_reply.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
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# Request-Reply Semantics
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The pattern of sending a message and receiving a response is encapsulated in most client libraries into a request method. Under the covers this method will publish a message with a unique reply-to subject and wait for the response before returning.
|
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|
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In the older versions of some libraries a completely new reply-to subject is created each time. In newer versions, a subject hierarchy is used so that a single subscriber in the client library listens for a wildcard, and requests are sent with a unique child subject of a single subject.
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||||
|
||||
The primary difference between the request method and publishing with a reply-to is that the library is only going to accept one response, and in most libraries the request will be treated as a synchronous action. The library may even provide a way to set the timeout.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, updating the previous publish example we may request `time` with a one second timeout:
|
||||
|
||||
{% tabs %}
|
||||
{% tab title="Go" %}
|
||||
```go
|
||||
nc, err := nats.Connect("demo.nats.io")
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
log.Fatal(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
defer nc.Close()
|
||||
|
||||
// Send the request
|
||||
msg, err := nc.Request("time", nil, time.Second)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
log.Fatal(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Use the response
|
||||
log.Printf("Reply: %s", msg.Data)
|
||||
|
||||
// Close the connection
|
||||
nc.Close()
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="Java" %}
|
||||
```java
|
||||
Connection nc = Nats.connect("nats://demo.nats.io:4222");
|
||||
|
||||
// Send the request
|
||||
Message msg = nc.request("time", null, Duration.ofSeconds(1));
|
||||
|
||||
// Use the response
|
||||
System.out.println(new String(msg.getData(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
|
||||
|
||||
// Close the connection
|
||||
nc.close();
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="JavaScript" %}
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
let nc = NATS.connect({url: "nats://demo.nats.io:4222"});
|
||||
|
||||
// set up a subscription to process the request
|
||||
nc.subscribe('time', (msg, reply) => {
|
||||
if(reply) {
|
||||
nc.publish(reply, new Date().toLocaleTimeString());
|
||||
}
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
nc.requestOne('time', (msg) => {
|
||||
t.log('the time is', msg);
|
||||
nc.close();
|
||||
});
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="Python" %}
|
||||
```python
|
||||
nc = NATS()
|
||||
|
||||
async def sub(msg):
|
||||
await nc.publish(msg.reply, b'response')
|
||||
|
||||
await nc.connect(servers=["nats://demo.nats.io:4222"])
|
||||
await nc.subscribe("time", cb=sub)
|
||||
|
||||
# Send the request
|
||||
try:
|
||||
msg = await nc.request("time", b'', timeout=1)
|
||||
# Use the response
|
||||
print("Reply:", msg)
|
||||
except asyncio.TimeoutError:
|
||||
print("Timed out waiting for response")
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="Ruby" %}
|
||||
```ruby
|
||||
require 'nats/client'
|
||||
require 'fiber'
|
||||
|
||||
NATS.start(servers:["nats://127.0.0.1:4222"]) do |nc|
|
||||
nc.subscribe("time") do |msg, reply|
|
||||
nc.publish(reply, "response")
|
||||
end
|
||||
|
||||
Fiber.new do
|
||||
# Use the response
|
||||
msg = nc.request("time", "")
|
||||
puts "Reply: #{msg}"
|
||||
end.resume
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="TypeScript" %}
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let msg = await nc.request('time', 1000);
|
||||
t.log('the time is', msg.data);
|
||||
nc.close();
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
{% endtabs %}
|
||||
|
||||
You can think of request-reply in the library as a subscribe, get one message, unsubscribe pattern. In Go this might look something like:
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
sub, err := nc.SubscribeSync(replyTo)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
log.Fatal(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
nc.Flush()
|
||||
|
||||
// Send the request
|
||||
nc.PublishRequest(subject, replyTo, []byte(input))
|
||||
|
||||
// Wait for a single response
|
||||
for {
|
||||
msg, err := sub.NextMsg(1 * time.Second)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
log.Fatal(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
response = string(msg.Data)
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
sub.Unsubscribe()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Scatter-Gather
|
||||
|
||||
You can expand the request-reply pattern into something often called scatter-gather. To receive multiple messages, with a timeout, you could do something like the following, where the loop getting messages is using time as the limitation, not the receipt of a single message:
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
sub, err := nc.SubscribeSync(replyTo)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
log.Fatal(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
nc.Flush()
|
||||
|
||||
// Send the request
|
||||
nc.PublishRequest(subject, replyTo, []byte(input))
|
||||
|
||||
// Wait for a single response
|
||||
max := 100 * time.Millisecond
|
||||
start := time.Now()
|
||||
for time.Now().Sub(start) < max {
|
||||
msg, err := sub.NextMsg(1 * time.Second)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
responses = append(responses, string(msg.Data))
|
||||
}
|
||||
sub.Unsubscribe()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or, you can loop on a counter and a timeout to try to get _at least N_ responses:
|
||||
|
||||
```go
|
||||
sub, err := nc.SubscribeSync(replyTo)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
log.Fatal(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
nc.Flush()
|
||||
|
||||
// Send the request
|
||||
nc.PublishRequest(subject, replyTo, []byte(input))
|
||||
|
||||
// Wait for a single response
|
||||
max := 500 * time.Millisecond
|
||||
start := time.Now()
|
||||
for time.Now().Sub(start) < max {
|
||||
msg, err := sub.NextMsg(1 * time.Second)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
responses = append(responses, string(msg.Data))
|
||||
|
||||
if len(responses) >= minResponses {
|
||||
break
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
sub.Unsubscribe()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
110
developing-with-nats/sending/structure.md
Normal file
110
developing-with-nats/sending/structure.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
|
||||
# Sending Structured Data
|
||||
|
||||
Some client libraries provide helpers to send structured data while others depend on the application to perform any encoding and decoding and just take byte arrays for sending. The following example shows how to send JSON but this could easily be altered to send a protocol buffer, YAML or some other format. JSON is a text format so we also have to encode the string in most languages to bytes. We are using UTF-8, the JSON standard encoding.
|
||||
|
||||
Take a simple _stock ticker_ that sends the symbol and price of each stock:
|
||||
|
||||
{% tabs %}
|
||||
{% tab title="Go" %}
|
||||
```go
|
||||
nc, err := nats.Connect("demo.nats.io")
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
log.Fatal(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
defer nc.Close()
|
||||
|
||||
ec, err := nats.NewEncodedConn(nc, nats.JSON_ENCODER)
|
||||
if err != nil {
|
||||
log.Fatal(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
defer ec.Close()
|
||||
|
||||
// Define the object
|
||||
type stock struct {
|
||||
Symbol string
|
||||
Price int
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
// Publish the message
|
||||
if err := ec.Publish("updates", &stock{Symbol: "GOOG", Price: 1200}); err != nil {
|
||||
log.Fatal(err)
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="Java" %}
|
||||
```java
|
||||
class StockForJsonPub {
|
||||
public String symbol;
|
||||
public float price;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
public class PublishJSON {
|
||||
public static void main(String[] args) {
|
||||
try {
|
||||
Connection nc = Nats.connect("nats://demo.nats.io:4222");
|
||||
|
||||
// Create the data object
|
||||
StockForJsonPub stk = new StockForJsonPub();
|
||||
stk.symbol="GOOG";
|
||||
stk.price=1200;
|
||||
|
||||
// use Gson to encode the object to JSON
|
||||
GsonBuilder builder = new GsonBuilder();
|
||||
Gson gson = builder.create();
|
||||
String json = gson.toJson(stk);
|
||||
|
||||
// Publish the message
|
||||
nc.publish("updates", json.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
|
||||
|
||||
// Make sure the message goes through before we close
|
||||
nc.flush(Duration.ZERO);
|
||||
nc.close();
|
||||
} catch (Exception e) {
|
||||
e.printStackTrace();
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="JavaScript" %}
|
||||
```javascript
|
||||
let nc = NATS.connect({url: "nats://demo.nats.io:4222", json: true});
|
||||
nc.publish('updates', {ticker: 'GOOG', price: 1200});
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="Python" %}
|
||||
```python
|
||||
nc = NATS()
|
||||
|
||||
await nc.connect(servers=["nats://demo.nats.io:4222"])
|
||||
|
||||
await nc.publish("updates", json.dumps({"symbol": "GOOG", "price": 1200 }).encode())
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="Ruby" %}
|
||||
```ruby
|
||||
require 'nats/client'
|
||||
require 'json'
|
||||
|
||||
NATS.start(servers:["nats://127.0.0.1:4222"]) do |nc|
|
||||
nc.publish("updates", {"symbol": "GOOG", "price": 1200}.to_json)
|
||||
end
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
|
||||
{% tab title="TypeScript" %}
|
||||
```typescript
|
||||
let nc = await connect({
|
||||
url: "nats://demo.nats.io:4222",
|
||||
payload: Payload.JSON
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
nc.publish('updates', {ticker: 'GOOG', price: 1200});
|
||||
```
|
||||
{% endtab %}
|
||||
{% endtabs %}
|
||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user